Before we left, we had a horrendous event, and that is on November 9^th 1938, all hell broke out in Vienna with Kristallnacht. There was a Jewish boy called Grynszpan, lived in Paris, must have been 19 or 20 years old, whose parents, foreign Jews living in Germany, had been picked up by the Nazis, and dumped over the Polish border. Without any questions asked, they just picked them up, dropped them over. No place to go.

Grynszpan was so enraged by this, he went into the German embassy and, thinking he shot the ambassador, he shot one of the other people working there. And that set off a rampage in which every single synagogue in Austria and Germany was destroyed, with rare exception. Jewish people were driven out of their homes. I remember it vividly, because this was the 9^th of November. The 7^th of November was my birthday, and I’d gotten a number of presents from my parents, including a car that I was longing to have. It was remotely controlled, so I could drive it around our little apartment, and I did this with great joy for a couple of days.

And then they came, they said… two guys came into our house, they banged on the door. Marched into the apartment, told us to pack up a few things that we would go and live with somebody else for a few days, and then come back.

And so I just… my mother said, just take a few things. I took a few clothing things. My brother, of course infinitely more intelligent, took his stamp collection. Everything that was... his coin collection, everything that was worthwhile. I did not think of taking any of my toys. Also I was so nervous, I didn’t think of almost anything. We went to another family that we had never met before. Much more affluent than us, but they were quite gracious. But they were as uncomfortable having us as we were uncomfortable being there. We stayed with them for about a week. When we came back, the apartment was not recognizable.

Everything of value was gone, including my toy car, my mother’s fur coats, everything. Fortunately my father who’d been rounded up and we hadn’t seen for a week came back. He had been rounded up, put together with men in an armory, but because he had fought in the First World War, he was released. But his store was taken away from him. What I did not know then and I found out many years later that, from that moment on, my father was absolutely destitute. He had absolutely no financial resources.

He went to the Kultusgemeinde der Stadt Wien, social service agency to which every Jewish family belonged, and he had been a member in good standing since he married, and they supported him until the time he left.