I also saw things at the Wistar Institute that confirmed these evolving thoughts, even to the point that I remember on one or two occasions thinking that I was... This is probably an extreme judgement, but I do remember feeling it, feeling as a fish in a tank of sharks.

That is an extreme statement, but it conveys the thought, and observing the behaviour of people in other situations as well. So I now became rather cynical, and one of the turning points was when a colleague walked into my laboratory one day, and said, 'Len, do you know about this?' And flashed a letter in my face, signed by my director, Hilary Koprowski, and the letter was addressed to a high official at Wellcome Laboratories, in the UK, who were known vaccine manufacturers, and the theme of the letter was the following: 'We at the Wistar Institute are willing to provide you, Wellcome Laboratories, with all the starter cultures of WI-38 that you want, and the technical knowledge necessary to produce polio vaccine. Sincerely yours, Hilary Koprowski.' Well, of course, this I never knew. It came out of the blue. I was never consulted. I think it's fair to say that I should have been consulted. After all, all these developments emerged from my laboratory, not from Hilary's.

Hilary certainly was supportive, but this seemed to me to be a kind of unacceptable behaviour, especially because I learned, I don't think through that, certainly not through that letter, but through friends, that the financial arrangements, the royalty arrangements that Hilary was wanting... had established with Wellcome, perhaps would revert to the Wistar Institute, to support the members of the institute. I was not technically a member of the institute. I was an associate member, assistant, or something like that. I was not at the top level of membership of the Wistar Institute. The people who were were the people who accompanied Hilary to the institute when he became director, and many other senior people, who certainly deserved to be members of the institute. People like Rupert Billingham, a very well-known immunologist who worked with Peter Medawar, who ultimately won a Nobel Prize for his and Rupert Billingham's studies, a famous paper by Billingham, Brent, and Medawar that describes immune tolerance. So, Billingham became part of our staff. A wonderful man, and he became a full member, as did other major personalities who worked at Wistar, but I was denied this. I was denied elevation to this title.