I think the result of the machines being good at chess and checkers and... eventually, a backgammon machine program developed at Carnegie Mellon Institute by a researcher named Hans Berliner. It beat the world champion at backgammon, for what that’s worth, but I don't think any of these had any serious effect on… on the more general goal of making a machine that had something like human general intelligence: the resourcefulness… ability to solve all sorts of different kinds of problems. The trouble with these particular games is that you discover a few tricks that… at which machines are better than people because the machine is faster at doing relatively simple things than the person and... so, defeating a person in certain activities... it’s almost like a steam shovel and a person with… with an ice pick. If there’s no real difference except speed, then one isn’t very impressed if a machine... speed or strength. And these chess machines were not particularly clever in any important sense. They couldn’t solve other kinds of problems.